Accessibility ensures that your website can be used by everyone, regardless of their abilities or how they access the web. This guide covers the basics: semantic HTML, keyboard navigation, ARIA when needed, and testing so you can ship inclusive experiences.
Start with semantic HTML. Use the right elements: headings (h1–h6) in order, nav, main, article, section, and landmarks so assistive technologies can navigate. Buttons for actions, links for navigation. Forms need labels, fieldsets, and clear error messages. Good semantics improve SEO and often give you basic styling and behavior for free.
Keyboard users must be able to reach and activate every interactive element. Ensure focus is visible (don't remove outline without a replacement), and order focus logically. Modals and custom widgets need trap focus and escape to close. Test by navigating with Tab and Enter only.
Use ARIA when HTML isn't enough. Roles, states, and properties (e.g. aria-expanded, aria-label, aria-live) fill the gaps for custom components. But prefer native elements: a native button is better than a div with role="button". Add ARIA only when you've already chosen a custom implementation.
Test with real tools and users. Automated checkers catch some issues; manual testing with a screen reader and keyboard catches more. Include people with disabilities in research and testing when you can. Accessibility is a continuous practice, not a one-time checklist.
Key Takeaways
- Use semantic HTML and landmarks so structure and navigation make sense.
- Support full keyboard access and visible focus for all interactive elements.
- Use ARIA to augment custom components; prefer native elements when possible.
- Combine automated checks with keyboard and screen reader testing.
